Current Approach to Spermatogonial Stem Cells in Vitro Maturation

Abstract

The studies conducted to determine the stage of its usability in prospective fertility restoration of testicular tissues taken from prepubertal patients undergoing oncology treatment were screened. In addition, the current status of spermatogonial stem cell cultures, testicular tissue cultures, and testicular organoid research and their potential in fertility restoration were examined. Spermatogonial stem cells are only found in prepubertal testicular tissue. Germinal serial cells are not found. Since spermatozoa are not produced in this period, spermatogonial stem cells are stored by freezing in the form of testicular tissue pieces or testicular cell suspension. It is not yet clear how to ensure the maturation of freeze-thawed or fresh spermatogonial stem cells for fertility reconstruction when it is necessary. The spermatogonial stem cells can be placed in their original niche by maintaining the vitality of the seminiferous tubules in vitro. Then, it can be transplanted to the recipient. Many hypotheses suggested that that maturation can be achieved via such as two-dimensional, three-dimensional tissue cultures. To ensure differentiation and proliferation of spermatogonial stem cells in three-dimensional cultures, it is necessary to ensure the long-term viability of the seminiferous tubules in vitro or solve creating an environment similar to the seminiferous tubules niche. In this review article, spermatozoa could be obtained in three-dimensional culture. However, the application of this system in different laboratories and the provision of the setup involves various difficulties. Standard organoids and organoid scaffolds that can be developed for three-dimensional cultures seem to be more preferable.