Investigation of Some Biochemical Properties, Antimicrobial Activity and Antibiotic Resistances of Kefir Supernatants and Lactococcus lactis ssp lactis Strains Isolated from Raw Cow Milk and Cheese Samples

Abstract

Background: To develop a scale to evaluate violence experienced among infertile women. Method: Three steps were followed in the development of the scale: Literature review and deep interviews to generate item pool, content validity testing, and administration of draft. Content validity was evaluated by experts. The draft scale was pilot-tested with a convenience sample of 30 women during their treatment. After the pilot-test, 166 infertile females filled the scale in the infertility clinic of a university hospital in Istanbul. Results: For evaluation of construct validity, Kaiser Mayer Olkin was 0.91. Bartlett test was statistically significant (p = 0.00). According to the results of analysis, 5 domains were determined: domestic violence, social pressure, punishment, exposure to traditional practices and exclusion. The values of correlation of item were between 0.50 and 0.82. Item-total and subscale-total correlation varied between 0.57-0.91. The scale had good internal reliability, with Cronbach's Alpha coefficient of 0.96. The other coefficients of subscales varied between 0.80-0.94. Conclusions: The scale called Infertile Women's Exposure to Violence Determination Scale indicates high reliability, good content and construct validity. Routine screening for domestic violence in infertility clinics is necessary to give affected women an opportunity to access appropriate health care and support services. On the other hand, common use of Infertile Women's Exposure to Violence Determination Scale in infertility clinics provides increased sensitivity and awareness by caregivers.